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in 1909, after three instead of the usual four years. The key, Eliot said, was to elevate ordinary everyday details to a higher pitch – to bring out the quasi-transcendent qualities of modern life. Indeed, we include The Waste Land in our pick of the definitive works of modernist literature and have analysed The Waste Land in a series of posts. Eliot’s study of the poetry of Dante, of the English writers John Webster and John Donne, and of the French Symbolist Jules Laforgue helped him to find his own style. Brilliant Article. Nothing has stuck so fast with me as Eliot’s images. from Harvard in 1909. Image: St. Michael’s Church, East Coker, Somerset; © Oliver Tearle, 2014. The great essay on Dante appeared two years after Eliot was confirmed in the Church of England (1927); in that year he also became a British subject. Eliot exercised a strong influence on Anglo-American culture from the 1920s until late in the century. Eliot, in full Thomas Stearns Eliot, (born September 26, 1888, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.—died January 4, 1965, London, England), American-English poet, playwright, literary critic, and editor, a leader of the Modernist movement in poetry in such works as The Waste Land (1922) and Four Quartets (1943). Thank you for posting. T.S. Here is a recording of Eliot reading the poem. In a series of vignettes, loosely linked by the legend of the search for the Grail, it portrays a sterile world of panicky fears and barren lusts, and of human beings waiting for some sign or promise of redemption. Also listen to – who was it?Jeremy Irons? – reading it. The men who influenced him at Harvard were George Santayana, the philosopher and poet, and the critic Irving Babbitt. Published in 1925, ‘The Hollow Men’ was something of a transitional poem for Eliot, coming between the success of The Waste Land (see below) and Eliot’s later, more religiously oriented poetry such as Ash-Wednesday and Four Quartets. The phrase has been attacked, yet the historical fact that gave rise to it cannot be denied, and with the poetry of Eliot and Pound it had a strong influence in reviving interest in certain 17th-century poets. Nous avons aussi une fascinante anthologie jeunesse en langue anglaise. The Waste Land showed him to be, in addition, a metrist of great virtuosity, capable of astonishing modulations ranging from the sublime to the conversational. In 1914 Eliot met and began a close association with the American poet Ezra Pound. He was probably the most erudite poet of his time in the English language. In these essays he effects a new historical perspective on the hierarchy of English poetry, putting at the top Donne and other Metaphysical poets of the 17th century and lowering poets of the 18th and 19th centuries. In the essay “Tradition and the Individual Talent,” appearing in his first critical volume, The Sacred Wood (1920), Eliot asserts that tradition, as used by the poet, is not a mere repetition of the work of the immediate past (“novelty is better than repetition,” he said); rather, it comprises the whole of European literature, from Homer to the present. The publication of Four Quartets led to his recognition as the greatest living English poet and man of letters, and in 1948 he was awarded both the Order of Merit and the Nobel Prize for Literature. He spent the year 1910–11 in France at the Sorbonne and then returned to Harvard. Two other essays, first published the year after The Sacred Wood, almost complete the Eliot critical canon: “The Metaphysical Poets” and “Andrew Marvell,” published in Selected Essays, 1917–32 (1932). DL READ If that strikes you as odd, wait till you get to the image of the hippopotamus being lifted up to heaven, surrounded by a choir of angels. The significance of the revolution is still disputed, but the striking similarity to the Romantic revolution of Coleridge and Wordsworth is obvious: Eliot and Pound, like their 18th-century counterparts, set about reforming poetic diction. Eliot - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, recording of T.S. Pingback: 10 Great Quotes from T. S. Eliot on His Birthday | Interesting Literature, Pingback: The Best Gerard Manley Hopkins Poems Everyone Should Read | Interesting Literature, Pingback: The Best Philip Larkin Poems Everyone Should Read | Interesting Literature, Pingback: The Interesting Life of T. S. Eliot | Interesting Literature, Pingback: The Advent Calendar of Literature: Day 3 | Interesting Literature. By 1916 he had finished a dissertation, but he never took the final oral examination for the Ph.D. degree. Things don’t change, the world keeps turning, things largely remain constant. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! H. D. followed Pound to Europe and wrote poems that, in their extreme concision and precise visualization, most purely embodied his famous doctrine of imagism. Note: T. S. Eliot’s complete poems have now been published in two definitive scholarly editions edited by Christopher Ricks and Jim McCue: T. S. Eliot The Poems Volume One and T. S. Eliot The Poems Volume Two. Eliot were the subject of my dissertation at university and I don’t think I’ve loved studying as much since as I did then. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. These book-essays, along with his Dante (1929), an indubitable masterpiece, broadened the base of literature into theology and philosophy: whether a work is poetry must be decided by literary standards; whether it is great poetry must be decided by standards higher than the literary. just start reading. But The Waste Land is not a simple contrast of the heroic past with the degraded present; it is, rather, a timeless simultaneous awareness of moral grandeur and moral evil. From Babbitt he derived an anti-Romantic attitude that, amplified by his later reading of British philosophers F.H. This was the first of Eliot’s popular Christmas poems, which he composed for special booklets/greetings cards published by the company he worked for, Faber and Faber. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. T. S. Eliot is widely regarded as one of the most important poets of the last hundred years. The first, or programmatic, phase of Eliot’s criticism ended with The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism (1933)—his Charles Eliot Norton lectures at Harvard. He is indecisive, anxious, self-conscious (he worries that the women are muttering behind his back about his thinning hair) – perhaps a bit like the famously indecisive and delaying Prince Hamlet from Shakespeare’s play, except that Prufrock doesn’t consider himself important enough to be compared to Hamlet (‘No! Probably Eliot’s most famous work, this long poem is also, for our money, his best – though many devotees of Four Quartets would disagree. As is the case in other literary traditions, poetry is the earliest French literature; the development of prose as a literary form was a late phenomenon (in the late Middle Ages, many of the romances and epics initially written in verse were converted into prose versions). They include previously unpublished poems, are beautifully produced and scrupulously edited, and are must-haves for the diehard Eliot fan! Ash Wednesday was not well received in an era that held that poetry, though autonomous, is strictly secular in its outlook; it was misinterpreted by some critics as an expression of personal disillusion. Eliot said that the poet-critic must write “programmatic criticism”—that is, criticism that expresses the poet’s own interests as a poet, quite different from historical scholarship, which stops at placing the poet in his background. The Theocratic Age: 2000 BCE-1321 CE B. The complete Four Quartets would be mine. “Preludes”-one of my all time favorites. We offer our analysis of it in a separate post. For anyone who hasnt read it, I’d recommend some preparation time. Omissions? It represented a break with the immediate past as radical as that of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth in Lyrical Ballads (1798). The poem’s style is highly complex, erudite, and allusive, and the poet provided notes and references to explain the work’s many quotations and allusions. It’s quite an experience hearing the sound of your voice carrying out to a over 100 first year dental students. Bradley.” But World War I had intervened, and he never returned to Harvard to take the final oral examination for the Ph.D. degree. Here are our recommendations, in the form of a countdown, from 10 to 1 (1 being what we think is the best). His family allowed him the widest education available in his time, with no influence from his father to be “practical” and to go into business. Eliot expresses the hopelessness and confusion of purpose of life in the secularized city, the decay of urbs aeterna (the “eternal city”). This and subsequent poems were written in a more relaxed, musical, and meditative style than his earlier works, in which the dramatic element had been stronger than the lyrical. “Prufrock” is still my favorite. T. S. Eliot’s greatest poems selected by Dr Oliver Tearle. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. For a year Eliot taught French and Latin at the Highgate School; in 1917 he began his brief career as a bank clerk in Lloyds Bank Ltd. He, himself, was quite scathing concerning The Wasteland, describing it as “only the relief of a personal and wholly insignificant grouse against life, it is just a piece of rhythmical grumbling” (source: Brewer’s Cabinet of Curiosities). En 1885, dans Les Complaintes, Jules Laforgue [4] chante une douleur de vivre évoquant le spleen baudelairien, empreinte d'autodérision. The opening line to the original draft was ‘First we had a couple of feelers down at Tom’s place’, which isn’t quite as memorable as ‘April is the cruellest month’ (which is the first line of the final version – or rather, almost the first line, since the word ‘breeding’ follows it). In the academic year 1909–10 he was an assistant in philosophy at Harvard. I am wracked by the seven jealousies,’ Pound said to Eliot when the poem was finished. Eliot exercised a strong influence on Anglo-American culture from the 1920s until late in the century. He is the author of, among others, The Secret Library: A Book-Lovers’ Journey Through Curiosities of History and The Great War, The Waste Land and the Modernist Long Poem. His undergraduate poems were “literary” and conventional. The poem is strongly influenced by the French poets Eliot had been reading, notably Charles Baudelaire and Jules Laforgue. Vous pouvez les découvrir à travers les filtres ci-dessous, ou encore avec la Roulette poétique ou l’option Au hasard.La section 25 vers et moins vous garantit des poèmes courts et frappants!. Tout simplement l’alabtros représente le poète, l’artiste qui alors qu’il n’est grâce et beauté lorsqu’il évolue dans son monde, devient gauche et mal à son aise lorsqu’il se retrouve dans le monde des humains ordinaires représenté par le pont du bateau et son équipage qui ne le … It then opened Eliot’s first published volume of poems, Prufrock and Other Observations, in 1917 – although amazingly, the original print run (500 copies) of this volume wouldn’t sell out for five years. Told from the perspective of one of the Magi or ‘wise men’ visiting the infant Christ, the poem examines the implications that the advent of Christ had for the other religions of the time. American-English poet, playwright, and literary critic. Modernist writer T.S. Sticking with animals, we’ve chosen this, one of seven ‘quatrain poems’ Eliot wrote for his second volume of poetry. Regents' Professor of English, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1966–68. Symbolist artists sought to express By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Reblogged this on Life, the universe and poetry.. The Waste Land expresses with great power the disenchantment, disillusionment, and disgust of the period after World War I. The Aristocratic Age: 1321-1832 C. The Democratic Age: 1832-1900 D. The Chaotic Age: 20th Century. The poem that launched Eliot’s career, this dramatic monologue spoken by the indecisive middle-aged Prufrock was first published in the magazine Poetry in 1915. The poem did, as Eliot said, set a crown upon his lifetime’s effort. And, of course, every Eliot fan’s choice of ten is likely to different. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He spent the year 1910–11 in France, attending Henri Bergson’s lectures in philosophy at the Sorbonne and reading poetry with Alain-Fournier. So it is with ‘Little Gidding’ itself, in the last analysis: it is a poem about traditions in the present, and a present-day poem that absorbs past traditions. Baudelaire, in particular, had showed Eliot how the modern city could be a fitting subject for the poet, as Eliot later recorded in his essay ‘Baudelaire’. Eliot reading the first three stanzas of his poem “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” 1915. Pingback: Posts I loved this week | Taylor Grace. His experiments in diction, style, and versification revitalized English poetry, and in a series of critical essays he shattered old orthodoxies and erected new ones. This is an almost imagistic portrayal of modern urban living with all is squalid and unseemly aspects. Any tips on how does one get into poetry? En 1970, le poète Léo Ferré fait référence au "spleen" dans son texte "la mémoire et la mer". Interesting Literature is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme, an affiliate advertising programme designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by linking to Amazon.co.uk. According to the poet himself, Eliot wrote the poem one Sunday after church (he converted to Christianity in 1927, the same year he wrote this), supposedly after imbibing half a bottle of gin. https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot, Poetry Foundation - Biography of T. S. Eliot, The Nobel Prize - Biography of T.S. He flung it back, labelling it ‘insane’, as Peter Ackroyd records in his lucid and informative biography T.S.Eliot. Here at Interesting Literature we’re devoted fans of his work, and this got us thinking: which ten defining poems would we recommend to people who want to read him? Or, for a more detailed summary of Eliot’s life, see our interesting biography of T. S. Eliot. Prufrock talks of an ‘overwhelming question’ but does not state what this is (he tells us, or his unseen companion, not to ask ‘What is it?’, so we’re left to ponder what this ‘question’ might be – perhaps ‘popping the question’, i.e. Portail des communes de France : nos coups de coeur sur les routes de France. This change seems to him to consist in a loss of the union of thought and feeling. Baudelaire, in particular, had showed Eliot how the modern city could be a fitting subject for the poet, as Eliot later recorded in his essay ‘Baudelaire’. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Consciously intended or not, Eliot’s criticism created an atmosphere in which his own poetry could be better understood and appreciated than if it had to appear in a literary milieu dominated by the standards of the preceding age. Listen to Eliot reading the poem here. The poem is strongly influenced by the French poets Eliot had been reading, notably Charles Baudelaire and Jules Laforgue. Excellent list! Eliot’s criticism and poetry are so interwoven that it is difficult to discuss them separately. The premise of this poem is a comparison between the large African mammal and the True Church. The Waste Land is not Eliot’s greatest poem, though it is his most famous. In his earlier poems Eliot had shown himself to be a master of the poetic phrase. Beautiful presentation. This is one of the Four Quartets, which some critics – including Helen Gardner (who features in our pick of the best books about Eliot’s poetry) – have branded Eliot’s masterpiece. Meanwhile, Mungojerrie found themselves (as Mungo Jerry) enjoying a huge pop hit with ‘In the Summertime’. This is an unusual T. S. Eliot poem in that it is arch, ironic, and even absurdly comic. He sought a poetic diction that might be spoken by an educated person, being “neither pedantic nor vulgar.”. Brilliant. As we take you through our suggestions, we’ll drop in a few interesting snippets of information – the story behind the poem, or its surprising legacy, and so on. I’m an avid T.S. From the appearance of Eliot’s first volume, Prufrock and Other Observations, in 1917, one may conveniently date the maturity of the 20th-century poetic revolution. Part of the poem is recited in the 1979 film Apocalypse Now, which is quite apt since that film was a retelling of Joseph Conrad’s novella Heart of Darkness, the book that provided Eliot with the epigraph for ‘The Hollow Men’. The poem presents a series of miniature observations about modern urban life: the sound of dirty plates being rattled in basement kitchens, the housemaids hanging around outside the properties where they are employed, the brown fog (reminiscent of the dark fog in much nineteenth-century French poetry, and in fiction such as Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde). ‘Little Gidding’ will always be up there for me along with ‘Ash Wednesday’. Eliot was an American-English poet, playwright, literary critic, and editor. Whitman and Dickinson are good places to start. In 1913 he read Bradley’s Appearance and Reality; by 1916 he had finished, in Europe, a dissertation entitled “Knowledge and Experience in the Philosophy of F.H. Eliot used the phrase “objective correlative” in the context of his own impersonal theory of poetry; it thus had an immense influence toward correcting the vagueness of late Victorian rhetoric by insisting on a correspondence of word and object. This transformation was thanks largely to Eliot’s friend and fellow poet Ezra Pound, who helped to edit the poem (in thanks, Eliot dedicated it to him). Although critic Hugh Kenner thought these poems were not imagist per se, they are perhaps the meeting-point between Eliot’s poetry and that of poets like Richard Aldington, T. E. Hulme (whose work we’ve discussed here), and F. S. Flint. Shoutout to my amazing research mentor Dr. Sly for easing my nerves and helping my first lecture be a success! He is best known as a leader of the Modernist movement in poetry and as the author of such works as The Waste Land (1922) and Four Quartets (1943). The final of the four poems that make up Four Quartets, this one is named after a small village in Cambridgeshire which was the centre of a church community established by Nicholas Ferrar in the seventeenth century (and not, as one French critic believed, the name of a little boy the poet knew). They still come back to me on their own, even years afterward. With the publication in 1922 of his poem The Waste Land, Eliot won an international reputation. I am not Prince Hamlet …’). Although he didn’t write a huge amount of poetry (compared with, say, his contemporary Ezra Pound, whose The Cantos is nearly 800 pages), it can still be difficult for readers to pick out those works which most define him. His first important publication, and the first masterpiece of Modernism in English, was “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1915): Although Pound had printed privately a small book, A lume spento, as early as 1908, “Prufrock” was the first poem by either of these literary revolutionists to go beyond experiment to achieve perfection. (Andrew Elliott had left East Coker for New England in the late seventeenth century; he was one of the judges at the Salem ‘witch’ trials of 1692.). Reblogged this on Lord eBayism School of Thought. Also in The Sacred Wood, “Hamlet and His Problems” sets forth Eliot’s theory of the objective correlative: The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an “objective correlative”; in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula for that particular emotion; such that, when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked.

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